Indications for Glenoid Bone Graft Surgery Associated with Favorable Functional Outcomes: A Systematic Review

Paulo HS Lara*, Leandro M Ribeiro, Carlos V Andreoli, Alberto C Pochini, Paulo S Belangero, Benno Ejnisman

Center of Sports Medicine, Graduate Program in Medicine (Clinical Radiology), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil

^*Corresponding Author: Paulo Henrique Schmidt Lara, Center of Sports Medicine, Graduate Program in Medicine (Clinical Radiology), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Received: 03 November 2023; Accepted: 15 November 2023 2023; Published: 20 November 2023

1. Introduction

The rate of recurrent instability one year following first-time traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation is up to 60% [1,2]. Determining the best surgical treatments for anterior shoulder instability is debatable, with several procedures developed over time. According to studies, Bankart repair, also known as anatomic repair, is the initial procedure in cases of anterior shoulder instability, which is being extensively used in more than 90% of cases [3,4]. The popularity of open Bankart repair has led to the development of the efficient arthroscopic Bankart repair, which has a recurrence rate of 6% and a re-operation rate of 4.7%, according to a systematic review [5]. However, Burkhart et al. [6] demonstrated that the recurrence rate of instability was 67% in patients with large bone lesions (bony Bankart or Hill-Sachs) who underwent Bankart repair and 89% in contact athletes with similar diseases. This suggests that the efficiency of Bankart repair might be limited in the presence of bone lesions.

Consequently, the number of indications for bone block procedures has increased. Early studies on this type of surgery showed recurrence rates of 10% and surgical revision rates of 14% for the Latarjet technique [7-9] causing some institutions to abandon this procedure [10]. However, recent studies have shown better success rates. A systematic review by Griesser et al. [11] demonstrated a recurrence rate of 2.9% and a subluxation rate of 5.8%. Specifically, in patients with bone lesions, the Latarjet technique had a recurrence rate of 4.7%, demonstrating an advantage over Bankart repair [12]. However, the Latarjet technique is also associated with a high rate of postoperative complications, occurring in up to 30% of cases [11].

In previous studies, bone block procedures have shown lower recurrence rates and good functional results, making them more frequently indicated [6,11]. However, they are associated with complications such as neurological injury and shoulder arthrosis. Therefore, the main objective of this systematic review was to determine indications for bone grafting procedures associated with better functional results. This will help in choosing this type of surgery appropriately for shoulder instability.

Previous systematic reviews have evaluated different aspects of bone block procedures, such as return to sport [13], long-term outcomes [14] and complications [11]. However, to the best of our knowledge, no systematic review has determined indications that would lead to better functional results and lower complication rates. Therefore, we sought to analyze the current literature qualitatively and quantitatively to determine indications for bone block procedures.

Our hypothesis is that when using clinical criteria associated with radiological criteria, there would be a more adequate selection of patients.

2. Methods

2.1 Literature search strategy

This systematic review was officially registered with PROSPERO on October 23, 2020 (CRDXXXXXXXXXX). This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the International Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Electronic searches were performed using the Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, and LILACS databases in April 2023. These databases were searched following the Cochrane Collaboration, PRISMA, and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology recommendations. To achieve the maximum sensitivity of the search strategy, we combined the terms “Latarjet” OR “Bristow” OR “Eden-Hybinette” OR “Bone block procedures” AND “Shoulder instability” as either keywords or MeSH terms. The reference lists of all retrieved articles were reviewed for further identification of potentially relevant studies. The studies were then assessed using inclusion and exclusion criteria. There was no time limit specified for the publication date. There was no restriction on the language of publication (Appendix 1).

2.2 Selection criteria

The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) randomized controlled trials (glenoid bone graft surgery vs. Bankart repair or glenoid bone graft surgery vs. glenoid bone graft surgery); and (2) prospective studies (cohort) in which a glenoid bone graft surgery technique was evaluated. The exclusion criteria were: (1) retrospective studies, (2) case reports (less than five cases), and (3) studies in which the inclusion criteria did not take into account radiological criteria, radiological criteria associated with clinical criteria, and arthroscopic criteria.

2.3 Data extraction and analysis

Relevant information regarding study characteristics, assessment of the methodological quality of the studies, clinical outcome measures, and follow-up time were independently collected by two authors using a pre-established form. The Downs and Black checklist [15] and the Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials 16-18 were used to assess the quality of the included cohort studies and the randomized clinical trials, respectively. The Downs and Black checklist [15] ranges from 0–28, with a score of 26–28 points considered excellent, 20–25 good, 15–19 fair, and <15 as bad. Interobserver agreement (3 authors) was performed using the kappa test.

The studies were subdivided according to the main criteria used to indicate glenoid bone graft surgery.

1. Radiological indications group (R) (>10% anterior glenoid wear and/or off-track lesions – evaluated by X-Rays, Computerized Tomography or Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
2. Radiological and clinical indications group (R + C) (same as previous radiological indications + contact sports and/or instability severity index score (ISIS) ≥ 4)
3. Arthroscopic indications group (A) (Hill-Sachs lesion with engagement)

The extracted and evaluated outcomes were: functional scores (ROWE, WOSI, Constant, SSV, SANE, Walch-Duplay, ASORS and VAS).

2.4 Statistical analysis

A significance level of 0.05 (5%) was defined. A complete descriptive analysis of the quantitative factors was performed using mean, median, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and confidence interval. The Z test was used to compare the groups in the parameters. Owing to the qualitative characteristics of the systematic review, it was not possible to carry out a meta-analysis. The agreement between the three authors for the Downs and Black checklist [15] was measured using Fleiss’ kappa test for simultaneous analysis and Cohen’s kappa test for paired analysis [16-18].

3. Results

3.1 Search results and quality of the studies

In the electronic search conducted in April 2023, 1567 articles were identified. After applying the inclusion criteria, 43 articles were selected, and 19 were excluded (14 due to association of techniques (Bankart repair), 1 for using the same patients from another study, 4 due to non-standard inclusion criteria, and 1 due to lack of functional analysis). Thus a total of 23 articles were selected for the systematic review, which included 20 prospective cohort studies [12,19-37] and 3 randomized controlled trials [38-40]. A flow diagram based on PRISMA is shown in Figure 1. In addition, the characteristics of the included studies and their methodological quality are presented in Table 1.

Figure 1: Flow diagram based on PRISMA.

Table 1: Characteristics of the included studies and their methodological quality.

Table 2: Author’s agreement.

Of the 20 included cohort studies that were assessed using the Downs and Black checklist [15], 14 (70%) were classified as weak, five (25%) as regular, and one (5%) as good. The randomized controlled trials were assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials [16-18] (Appendix 2). Regarding the authors' agreement, the Fleiss’ kappa test of the three authors showed a value of 0.842, which was classified as excellent. Table 2 presents the complete results.

3.2 Demographics

In total, the studies involving 1306 shoulders were included, of which 1105 (84,60%) belonged to males, 159 (12,17%) females, and 42 (3,23%) had no specification of sex in the study. The mean follow-up was 40.19 months (18.5–90 months). It was not possible to calculate the mean age since it was not mentioned in any of the studies.

3.3 Indications

10 included studies [21,25-28,32,34,37,38,40] used only radiological criteria and contained a total of 405 shoulders. 10 included studies [19,20,22-24,29,31,33,35,39] used clinical and radiographic criteria, with 673 shoulders. Three included studies [12,30,36] used arthroscopic criteria, with a total of 228 shoulders.

3.4 Surgical technique

Different surgical techniques were described in the articles selected for this systematic review and were performed according to the surgeons' preferences and experiences. The open Latarjet technique was performed in 1003 (76,79%) shoulders, arthroscopic Latarjet technique in 159 (12,17%) shoulders, open distal tibia graft in 50 (3,82%) shoulders, open Bristow technique in 48 (3,67%) shoulders, and open Eden–Hybinette technique in 46 (3,52%) shoulders.

3.5 Functional and pain scores

All functional scores improved postoperatively. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using ROWE in 13 studies [12,19,20,23,25,28-30,33,35,37,40], WOSI in nine studies [20,22,24,27,31,33,35,36,39], ASES in eight studies [26,27,28,32,33,37,39,40], Constant in seven studies [12,21,25,33,35,37,40], SANE in five studies [24,26,27,32,36], Walch-Duplay in four studies [12/29/30/34], SSV in three studies [28,30,33] and ASORS in one study [39]. In addition, the pain was assessed using the visual analog pain scale in 12 studies [20,21,26,27,29,30,31,32,33,36,38,39]. The complete results are shown in Table 3.

Table 3: Functional and pain scores.

3.6 Comparisons between the evaluated groups

Functional and pain scores

The following parameters were evaluated in all groups:

1. ROWE

The better results were found in group R, with a statistically significant difference compared with the other groups. The results are shown in Table 4.

Table 4: ROWE Functional results.

1. WOSI

The better results were found in groups R and R+C, with a statistically significant difference compared with the group A. The results are shown in Table 5.

Table 5: WOSI functional results.

1. CONSTANT

The better results were found in group A, with a statistically significant difference compared with the other groups. The results are shown in Table 6.

Table 6: Constant functional results.

1. d) SSV

The better results were found in groups R and A, with a statistically significant difference compared to group (R + C). The results are shown in Table 7.

Table 7: SSV – functional outcomes.

1. e) SANE

The better results were found in the (R + C) group, with a statistically significant difference observed only in group A. The results are shown in Table 8.

Table 8: SANE – functional outcomes.

1. f) VAS

The better results were found in groups (R + C) and A, with a statistically significant difference compared with group R. The results are shown in Table 9.

Table 9: Visual Scale Analogic of pain – results.

ASES, Walch-Duplay and ASORS were not evaluated in all the groups and a comparison was not possible to be done.

The summary of functional and pain scores’ results are shown in Table 10.

Table 10: Summary of functional and pain scores.

4. Discussion

In this systematic review, 23 studies were included, comprising 1320 shoulders. Only prospective studies were included in which the indications for choosing glenoid bone graft procedures for shoulder instability were explicitly described to avoid selection bias that may occur in retrospective studies. However, the analysis of the included studies showed a low methodological quality. As a result, the indications for choosing bone grafting procedures are highly variable in the literature and are controversial. This systematic review aimed to determine the criteria for choosing bone grafting procedures that would lead to better functional results. Hence, we divided the indications into three types: radiological, clinical and radiological, and arthroscopic.

Among the subgroups of indications included in this systematic review, the largest number of shoulders undergoing the glenoid bone graft procedure was the group of radiological indications associated with clinical indications (636 shoulders). In general, variable results were observed, with no group showing better results for all variables studied.

In the radiological indication group (R group), the indications were 10–25% anterior glenoid wear and/or off-track injury. According to Burkhart et al. [6], glenoid bone loss has become a significant risk factor for recurrent instability after Bankart repair. Initially, the critical amount of glenoid bone loss was believed to be 25% [6,41]. However, a recent cadaver study suggested that a 20% defect decreased shoulder stability after the Bankart surgery [42]. Yamamoto et al. [43] performed a study to assess the subcritical bone loss that would lead to postoperative instability and found a glenoid bone loss of 17–25%.

As described by Giacomo et al. [44], it is important to assess both glenoid and humeral bone loss, and there is a relationship between them, as well as the measurements of the glenoid track. Recent biomechanical studies on bipolar bone loss and the glenoid track concept have revealed a significant decrease in shoulder stability, with glenoid defects as small as 10-15% [45].

In the (R + C) group, studies were included in which the indications were the same as the R group, in addition to the practice of contact sports and/or ISIS ≥ 4. The score takes into account clinical and gradiological criteria. Initially, starting from a score of 6, glenoid bone graft surgery was indicated, and above this score, a failure rate of 70% was reported in a retrospective study by the authors who performed anatomical surgery [46]. It is noteworthy that this score uses radiographs for indication, and in our study, only three included studies used radiographs for deciding which surgery to indicate. Currently, the glenoid track instability management score (GTIMS) has been derived [44], which incorporates the glenoid track concept into the (ISIS) using only tomography as a radiological parameter and not radiographs as in ISIS. Patients with an on-track injury score of 0 and off-track injuries scored 4 points. The rest of the parameters evaluated were equal to the ISIS, and scores equal to or greater than 4 indicated glenoid bone graft surgery. It is worth mentioning that in the GTIMS, the presence of an off-track lesion already scores 4 points indicating glenoid bone graft surgery, without the need for evaluation of other parameters.

In group A, the main indication was the presence of a Hill-Sachs lesion with engagement. We consider this mode of indication valid since it also allows the evaluation of associated injuries, but as a critical mode, we can mention that with the patient anesthetized, there may be an over-indication of glenoid bone graft surgery. Therefore, we believe that the indication for glenoid bone graft surgery should be made in advance based on the patient's clinical and radiological data. If arthroscopy is feasible, it should be performed to evaluate associated injuries. This group of patients presented variable results in the evaluated parameters; however, it presented good results in the evaluated functional scores. One hypothesis for these findings is that there was an over-indication of cases, and patients who did not need glenoid graft surgery were administered this treatment modality.

Regarding the functional scores, we observed that the groups A, R and R+C had the same amount of statistically better results in the functional scores, whereas the (R + C) group had a greater number of statistically worse results. Regarding the functional scores that are specific for shoulder instability (ROWE and WOSI), the Group R had statistically better results in both. This highlights the variability of the functional scores used to evaluate the results of bone grafting procedures.

The Rowe questionnaire [47] assesses functional results in the anterior shoulder instability postoperatively. It consists of 100 points divided into three domains: 1) stability (50 points), 2) mobility (20 points), and 3) function (30 points). The score is considered excellent when it ranges from 90–100 points, good (89–75), regular (74–51), and poor when <50 points. Only the R group presented with an excellent score (average: 91.9). Groups A and (R + C) showed good results (averages: 85.4 and 83.3 respectively). It is worth mentioning that all groups showed good results with the surgery, with the groups R showing statistically better results than the other groups.

The Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI) [48] is a quality of life (QOL) questionnaire that was prepared and validated for application in patients with shoulder instability. It encompasses aspects of the QOL relevant to this disease. It contains 21 questions spanning four domains: 1) physical symptoms; 2) sports, recreation, and work; 3) lifestyle; and 4) emotional state. All the groups presented results above 80% and the groups R and R+C had statistically better results when compared to group A.

The Constant Murley score [49] is a non-specific scale including different domains of shoulder function (pain, activities of daily living, range of motion, and power). Higher scores represent a better function. This questionnaire is composed of four subscales: three self-reported subscales and a shoulder lift force subscale, which is performed by an external evaluator. The better results were found in group A (average: 94.4), which presented statistically better results compared to the group (R + C) (average: 79.98) but showed no statistical significance compared to group R (average: 87.07). This score is not specific for instability; therefore, it has a less practical effect in comparing results.

The subjective shoulder score (SSV) [50] is defined as the patient's subjective assessment of shoulder function and is expressed as a percentage of the score of a normal shoulder. The scores ranged from 0 to 100. The better results were found in group A (average: 90), with statistical significance compared to the (R + C) group (average: 70) and without statistical significance compared to the R group (average: 89).

The single assessment numeric evaluation (SANE) [51] is a score in which patients respond with a whole number to the question ‘On a scale of 0 to 100, how would you rate your injured limb?’ It is normally used as global classification of functions, and the definition of normality is determined by the individual patient. Since the SANE is assessed at baseline and during follow-up, it can be used to assess changes in function (i.e., recovery) during this period. The better results were found in the (R + C) group, with a statistically significant difference observed only in group A. Regarding the visual analog scale, the better results were found in groups R and A.

An important aspect to be evaluated is that, among the scores evaluated, only ROWE [47] and WOSI [48] are specific for shoulder instability. In the ROWE [47] assessment, the R group presented the better results with statistical significance, and in the WOSI [48] assessment, the groups R and R+C had statistically better results. We hypothesized that the (R + C) group would present better results, but this was not the case. Although we found variable results in the systematic review, the (R + C) patients presented the highest statistically worse results for the evaluated parameters (Constant, SSV). We believed that when using clinical criteria associated with radiological criteria, there would be a more adequate selection of patients; however, according to the results, the groups of radiological and arthroscopic indications presented better results. Regarding the ROWE [47] score, the R group presented the better results with statistical significance. As a result, when considering only radiological criteria for indication, there were better results. Therefore, there is doubt whether the clinical parameters have little influence or, instead, the clinical criteria used may not be the most relevant for surgical indication.

In previous studies, glenoid bone graft surgery has shown good functional results, despite a relatively high complication rate [11]. The objective of our study was to determine which surgical indications present better functional results since this surgery is indicated in many cases in active young patients and/or athletes in whom the expectation from surgery is high. Our study seeks to help by suggesting the better indications to have the best possible results with the treatment.

The overall quality of the studies was uniformly low. This is a factor that influenced the results of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Most of the included studies were classified by the Downs and Black score [15] as weak (15 studies) or regular (5 studies), with only one study rated as good.

Limitations of this systematic review: the parameters evaluated in the studies and the types of surgeries were considerably variable. The techniques used by the surgeons in the studies and the indications in each subgroup were not equal in the selected studies. The other limitations of this study are consistent with those of the systematic reviews. The patient population included a wide selection of patients of different ages, functional demands, frequency of instability episodes, and time to surgery, making it challenging to apply the results to a particular patient. Nevertheless, our systematic review is the first to determine indications for glenoid bone graft surgery that would lead to better functional outcomes in prospective studies.

5. Conclusion

The radiological indications group presented the better results in the specific scores for shoulder instability and the radiological + clinical indications group presented the biggest amount of worse results in the parameters evaluated.

Author Contributions:

All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported (conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and/or interpretation). All authors have drafted, written, and/or substantially revised and/or critically reviewed the article. All authors have agreed on the journal to which the article will be submitted. All authors reviewed and agreed on all versions of the article before submission, during revision, the final version accepted for publication, and any significant changes introduced at the proofing stage. All authors agree to take responsibility and be accountable for the contents of the article.

Ethical Approval:

This study was submitted to the ethics committee of the Federal University of São Paulo 9738310820- (Universidade Federal de São Paulo – UNIFESP).

Funding:

There was no funding to the development of this study.

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Appendix File:

Appendix 1:

Literature search strategy

MEDLINE (Pubmed)

(((((dislocation, shoulder[MeSH Terms]) AND (Latarjet[Text Word])) OR (Bristow[Text Word])) OR (Eden-Hybinette[Text Word])) OR (Bone block procedures[Text Word])) OR (Coracoid transfer[Text Word])

EMBASE (Elsevier)

('shoulder dislocation'/exp OR 'shoulder dislocation') AND 'latarjet procedure':ti,ab,kw OR 'bristow procedure':ti,ab,kw OR 'eden hybinette':ti,ab,kw OR 'bone block procedures':ti,ab,kw OR 'coracoid transfer':ti,ab,kw

LILACS

(( (mh:luxação do ombro) OR (luxación glenohumeral) OR (dislocation, glenohumeral) OR (dislocation, shoulder) OR (dislocations, glenohumeral) OR (dislocations, shoulder) OR (glenohumeral dislocation) OR (glenohumeral dislocations) OR (glenohumeral subluxation) OR (glenohumeral subluxations) OR (shoulder dislocations) OR (subluxation, glenohumeral) OR (subluxations, glenohumeral) OR mh:c05.550.518.750* OR mh:c26.289.750* OR mh:c26.803.125*) AND (latarjet) OR (bristow) OR (eden-hybinette ) OR (bone block procedures ) OR (coracoid transfer) AND ( db:("LILACS")) (mh:luxação do ombro) OR (luxación glenohumeral) OR (dislocation, glenohumeral) OR (dislocation, shoulder) OR (dislocations, glenohumeral) OR (dislocations, shoulder) OR (glenohumeral dislocation) OR (glenohumeral dislocations) OR (glenohumeral subluxation) OR (glenohumeral subluxations) OR (shoulder dislocations) OR (subluxation, glenohumeral) OR (subluxations, glenohumeral) OR mh:c05.550.518.750* OR mh:c26.289.750* OR mh:c26.803.125*) AND (latarjet) OR (bristow) OR (eden-hybinette ) OR (bone block procedures ) OR (coracoid transfer) AND ( db:("LILACS"))

The Cochrane Library

#1 Shoulder dislocation: ti,ab,kw

#2 Latarjet: ti,ab,kw          

#3 Bristow: ti,ab,kw           

#4 Eden-Hybinette: ti,ab,kw            

#5 Bone block procedures: ti,ab,kw

#6 Coracoid transfer: ti,ab,kw         

#7 (#1 AND #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 #6)

Appendix 2: