Ventricular Hyper-Excitability Revealing Cardiac and Mediastino-Pulmonary Sarcoidosis

Houda Mokhlis^1*, Houda Bachri¹, Rime lemouaden², Mohamed Malki¹, Sara Ahchouch¹, Meryem Boumaaz¹, Achraf Zaimi¹, Nadia Loudiyi¹, Najat Mouine¹, Ilyasse Asfalou¹, Aatif Benyass¹

¹Department of Cardiology, Mohammed V Military Hospital, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco

²Department of internal medicine, Mohammed V Military Hospital, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco

*Corresponding author: Houda Mokhlis, Department of Cardiology, Mohammed V Military Hospital, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.

Received: 27 October 2022; Accepted: 12 November 2022; Published: 15 November 2022

1. Introduction

Sarcoidosis, also known as Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease, first described in 1877 [1], is a systemic granulomatous disease that affects multiple organs (nervous system, heart, liver and kidneys.. ....), but mainly affects the lungs and lymph glands. Sarcoidosis has no known cause, and it can affect a wide range of people and present a real diagnostic challenge. Cardiac sarcoidosis can manifest as complete heart block, ventricular arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, and ventricular aneurysms.

2. Case Report

We report the case of a 65-year-old female patient; mother of seven children with no prior medical conditions, that was admitted to the cardiology department for paroxysmal palpitations and stage II NYHA Dyspnea. she also reported dysphonia evolving over several months. Physical examination was unremarkable except for an irregular pulse. EKG ( figure 1) showed sinus rhythm at 60 beats per minute, complete left bundle branch block, and multiple premature ventricular extrasystoles and a 24 h Holter ECG monitor was in favour of a ventricular hyperexcitability. Chest X-ray showed opacities with bilateral hilar projection and Echocardiography revealed segmental kinetic disorders with a reduced LVEF. A coronary angiography was performed showing non-significant lesions dismissing a coronary origin of the systolic left ventricular dysfunction.

Figure 1: EKG of the patient.

A Chest CT was performed showing the presence of several (sub- and supra-diaphragmatic) granulomatous calcified lymphadenopathies and an appearance suggestive of left vocal cord paralysis. Initial blood tests did not show abnormalities, in particular the hepatic, renal, urinary and blood phosphocalcic balance; Conversion enzyme levels were also normal. In the framework of the etiological assessment a TEP scan was performed showing hypermetabolic pathological focus on the left supraclavicular, hilar-pulmonary and abdominal areas as well as a hypermetabolic focus on the left posterolateral wall of the nasopharynx with no pathological focus on the heart. The supra clavicular lymph node micro- biopsy showed epithelioid and gigantocellular granulomatous inflammation without caseous necrosis in favor of a sarcoidosis. Because of the strong clinical suspicion of Cardiac sarcoidosis we performed an MRI that revealed -in addition to kinetic disorders a delayed enhancement of the septum confirming our doubts ( figure 2-3) .

Figure 2: delayed enhancement -MRI (four chambers view).

Figure 3: IN PSIR delayed enhancement -MRI ( short axis).

3. Discussion

Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS)that is clinically manifest happens in only 5% of patients. Whereas asymptomatic CS is much more prevalent and estimated at 25% in patients with pulmonary or systemic sarcoidosis as shown by autopsy studies [2,3]. These findings were later found to be consistent with the results of more recent technology, namely the late gadolinium enhanced (LGE) cardiovascular resonance (CMR) technology [4]. Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is an important prognosis factor Considering the increased risk of sudden death .The myocardial process is comprised of granuloma related inflammation, first reversible but then progresses to irreversible fibrosis. Thus, early and accurate diagnosis of CS is capital to ensure an early and adequate treatment strategy [5]. The main manifestations of CS include conduction abnormalities, ventricular arrhythmias, and heart failure. These manifestations can be the first modality revealing sarcoidosis with very few or no extra cardiac symptoms [4]. The EKG is usually abnormal, showing atrio-ventricular block, Bundle branch block – as it is the case of our patient- , supraventricular or ventricular tachyarrhythmias [6]. Echocardiography is usually without anomalies in clinically silent CS. But it can reveal non-specific abnormalities such as LV and/or RV systolic and diastolic dysfunction, or regional wall abnormalities with no coronary distribution. Some features may be more specific to CS, like basal interventricular thinning [7]; LV global longitudinal strain is an emerging sensitive, simple and promising technique that can predict adverse outcomes and also reveal subclinical cardiac dysfunction in patients with sarcoidosis [8]. CMR imaging is commonly used to evaluate cardiac involvement in patients with sarcoidosis, especially in clinically asymptomatic CS as it can reveal myocardial damage even in the absence of systolic dysfunction [9]. Basal segments of the septal and lateral wall are the most frequent site of LGE. However, there is no specific pattern of LGE that confirms CS. Our case emphasizes the importance of the combined use of PET scans and cardiac MRI for better detection of cardiac sarcoidosis. Not only do they allow an early diagnosis, but they can also assess the extent of disease and monitor treatment response.

4. Conclusion

Given the increased risk of sudden death, early screening of cardiac sarcoidosis should be done as soon as the disease is diagnosed in order to detect subclinical forms ;although it remains a challenge ,early diagnosis and quick initiation of the appropriate treatment (corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive agents) may improve the outcome.

Conflicts of Interest

Authors do not declare any conflict of interest.

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